Process and system for automatically controlling the fraction of the exhaust gas quantity returned to an internal-combustion engine

ABSTRACT

A process and system are provided for automatically controlling the fraction of the exhaust gas quantity returned to an internal-combustion engine with respect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine. The mixture quantity is formed by the returned exhaust gas quantity and a fresh air quantity. The actual fraction with respect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole is determined by sensors measuring a plurality of operating parameters selected from the temperature of the fed fresh air quantity, the temperature of the returned exhaust gas quantity, the temperature of the mixture quantity fed as a whole, the temperature of the exhaust gas flowing out of the internal-combustion engine, the flow rate of the fresh air quantity fed to the internal-combustion engine, and the flow rate of the mixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine. This actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity is adapted to a predetermined desired fraction. The returned exhaust gas quantity is automatically controlled to a predetermined content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This application claims the priority of German Patent Document 199 12317.9, filed Mar. 19, 1999, the disclosure of which is expresslyincorporated by reference herein.

The invention relates to a process for automatically controlling thefraction of the exhaust gas quantity returned to an internal-combustionengine with respect to the mixture quantity which is fed on the whole tothe internal-combustion engine and which is formed by the returnedexhaust gas quantity and a fresh air quantity. Furthermore, theinvention relates to a system for implementing the process.

Processes of the above-mentioned type are known, for example, fromEuropean Patent Document EP 05 74 614 A1, German Patent Document DE 4337 313 C1 or German Patent document DE 42 38 068 A1.

The returning of exhaust gas, which leaves an internal-combustion engineafter the combustion has taken place, and its mixing with the fresh airquantity flowing to the internal-combustion engine is used for loweringthe temperature during the combustion operation, whereby the NO_(x)emissions of the internal-combustion engine can be reduced. In practice,the exhaust gas return is used mainly in the case of dieselinternal-combustion engines, but it can also be carried out in the caseof Otto internal-combustion engines.

The quantity or the mass of the returned exhaust gas considerablyinfluences the combustion operation taking place in theinternal-combustion engine, and the air ratio λ, the emitted pollutants(essentially NO_(x)) as well as the efficiency of the combustionoperation depend on this exhaust gas mass. A mass of returned exhaustgas which is not optimal can therefore result in unacceptably highpollutant emissions or in a steep rise of the fuel consumption. For thisreason, it is meaningful to very precisely coordinate the quantity ofthe returned exhaust gas with each operating point of theinternal-combustion engine when designing an internal-combustion engine.

The so-called exhaust gas return rate is used as a measurement for thispurpose. This exhaust gas return rate is defined by the quotient of thereturned exhaust gas quantity divided by the mixture quantity fed on thewhole to the internal-combustion engine. The total mixture quantityreturned to the internal-combustion engine is composed of the returnedexhaust gas quantity and the fresh air quantity. In a known manner, thereturned exhaust gas quantity can in this case be adjusted by so-calledexhaust gas return valves which are controlled by the electronic systemof the engine.

However, in the case of such exclusively controlled systems, no feedbacktakes place to the engine timing unit concerning the actually setexhaust gas return rate or the actual fraction of the returned exhaustgas quantity with respect to the total mixture quantity fed to theinternal-combustion engine, whereby systematic faults, such as thehysteresis of a valve, a malfunctioning or disturbance affecting thesystem from the outside cannot be recognized and can therefore not becompensated. A precise adjustment of the returned exhaust gas quantityis therefore not generally ensured. As mentioned above, this results inincreased exhaust gas emissions and a rising fuel consumption.

In various solution setups, for example, according to theabove-mentioned documents, it was attempted to eliminate these problemsby a determination of the actual fraction of the returned exhaust gasquantity and a corresponding automatic control thereof.

In European Patent Document EP 05 74 614 A1, the quantity of thereturned exhaust gas is determined using a Venturi nozzle.

German Patent Document DE 43 37 313 C1 suggests a heat accumulator forevening out the exhaust gas temperature as well as a pressure gauge, atemperature measuring device and a control valve downstream of the heataccumulator. By means of these elements, the returned exhaust gas flowrate is to be determined and automatically controlled by a controlvalve.

In German Patent Document DE 42 38 068 A1, the pressure is measured inthe exhaust pipe and the exhaust gas return rate is automaticallycontrolled correspondingly.

If, for example, a commercially available λ-probe is used as the sensor,it is disadvantageous that, below a minimal measurable temperature ofapproximately 150° C., the heating capacity of the sensor is notsufficient for reaching the operating temperature required for themeasurement, which results in high measuring inaccuracies. Anotherproblem is the measuring inaccuracy of λ-probes at oxygen concentrationsof more than 19%. Particularly at a partial load, in which high oxygenconcentrations occur, the determined exhaust gas return rate cantherefore not be considered to be reliable. However, if the exhaust gasreturn rate is not correctly determined, it will not be possible toautomatically precisely control it.

In the case of the automatic control by way of the pressure in theexhaust pipe, the pressure difference between the exhaust gas removaland the exhaust gas feeding is not constant, which results in adifficult automatic control. Furthermore, measuring inaccuracies canresult, for example, from the contamination of the air filter, whichmeasuring inaccuracies result in an incorrectly set exhaust gas returnrate.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a processby means of which the fraction of the exhaust gas quantity returned toan internal-combustion engine with respect to the mixture quantityreturned on the whole to the internal-combustion engine can bedetermined in a very simple manner and, in addition, very precisely and,corresponding to the calculated actual fraction, can be automaticallycontrolled to a predetermined desired fraction.

According to the invention, this object is achieved by providing aprocess for automatically controlling the fraction of the exhaust gasquantity returned to an internal-combustion engine with respect to themixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine,which mixture quantity is formed by the returned exhaust gas quantityand a fresh air quantity,

wherein the actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity withrespect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine is determined by means of sensors frommeasurements of the temperature of the fed fresh air quantity, thetemperature of the returned exhaust gas quantity and the temperature ofthe mixture quantity fed on the whole, and

wherein this actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity isadapted to a predetermined desired fraction.

As the result of the temperature of the fed fresh air quantity, thetemperature of the returned exhaust gas quantity and the temperature ofthe mixture quantity fed on the whole, the actual fraction of thereturned exhaust gas quantity can be determined in a very simple manneraccording to the formula AR_(actual)=(T_(L−T) _(G))/(T_(L)−T_(R)). Asthe result of a corresponding automatic control, the actual fraction ofthe returned exhaust gas quantity determined in this manner can then beadapted to a predetermined desired fraction, for example, filed in acharacteristic diagram.

A constructive system for implementing the above noted process accordingto the invention includes an internal-combustion engine, with which atleast one fresh air pipe and at least one exhaust pipe are connected,

an exhaust gas return valve arranged in an exhaust gas return pipe,

a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the fed fresh airquantity,

a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the returnedexhaust gas quantity, and

a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the mixturequantity fed on the whole.

As the result, a very simple arrangement exists in the periphery of aninternal-combustion engine, whereby the process according to theinvention can be carried out with a high reliability.

An alternative solution of the object of the invention involves aprocess for automatically controlling the fraction of the exhaust gasquantity returned to an internal-combustion engine with respect to themixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine,which mixture quantity is formed by the returned exhaust gas quantityand a fresh air quantity,

wherein the actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity withrespect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine is determined by means of at least one sensorfrom at least one measurement of the temperature of the exhaust gasflowing out of the internal-combustion engine, and

wherein this actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas

quantity is adapted to a predetermined desired fraction, said systemcomprising:

an internal-combustion engine, with which at least one fresh air pipeand at least one exhaust pipe are connected,

an exhaust gas return valve, and

at least one temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of theexhaust gas flowing out of the internal-combustion engine.

In this case, the actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantitycan be determined by the temperature of the exhaust gas flowing out ofthe internal-combustion engine. The reason is that the inventorssurprisingly found a significant linear dependence of the returnedexhaust gas quantity on the exhaust gas temperature. If, in this case,other factors, which influence the temperature of the exhaust gasflowing out of the internal-combustion engine, such as a raised intakeair temperature, are recognized by the control of theinternal-combustion engine, a very simple determination of the returnedexhaust gas quantity is obtained, in which case the relationships may befiled, for example, in a characteristic diagram. By means of thedetermined actual fraction, an automatic control to the desired fractionwill then be easily possible.

A constructive solution for implementing the process according to thisalternative solution has an internal-combustion engine, with which atleast one fresh air pipe and at least one exhaust pipe are connected,

an exhaust gas return valve, and

at least one temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of theexhaust gas flowing out of the internal-combustion engine.

Because of the only one required temperature sensor, a particularlysimple construction of the system according to the invention is obtainedwhich is resistant to disturbances.

Another alternative solution of the object of the invention involves aprocess for automatically controlling the fraction of the exhaust gasquantity returned to an internal-combustion engine with respect to themixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine,which mixture quantity is formed by the returned exhaust gas quantityand a fresh air quantity,

wherein an actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity withrespect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine is determined by measurements of the flowrate of the fresh air quantity fed to the internal-combustion engine andof the flow rate of the mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine, and

wherein this actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity isadapted to a predetermined desired fraction.

Also, as the result of the measuring of the fresh air fed to theinternal-combustion engine in relationship to the air mass fed on thewhole to the internal-combustion engine, which air mass can be computedin a very simple manner from the displacement, a precise determinationof the returned exhaust gas quantity can be carried out.

A constructive solution for the implementation of this last mentionedprocess has an internal-combustion engine, with which at least one freshair pipe and at least one exhaust pipe are connected,

an exhaust gas return valve arranged in the exhaust gas return pipe,

at least one air flow rate measuring device for measuring the flow rateof the fresh air quantity fed to the internal-combustion engine providedin the fresh air pipe,

at least one pressure sensor for measuring the pressure of the mixturequantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine, and

at least one temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of themixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine.

In the case of this system according to the invention, preferably onlycomponents are used which are very easy to handle and ensure reliablemeasuring results.

Another alternative solution achieving the object of the invention is aprocess for automatically controlling the fraction of the exhaust gasquantity returned to an internal-combustion engine with respect to themixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine,which mixture quantity is formed by the returned exhaust gas quantityand a fresh air quantity,

wherein the returned exhaust gas quantity is automatically controlled toa predetermined content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas.

As the result of the automatic control of the returned exhaust gasquantity by way of the nitrogen oxide content in the exhaust gas, thisvalue, which should not exceed a certain limit value, can be useddirectly as an input value for an automatic control.

A constructive solution for implementing this last mentioned includes asaid system comprising:

an internal-combustion engine, with which at least one fresh air pipeand at least one exhaust pipe are connected,

an exhaust gas return valve arranged in an exhaust gas return pipe, and

at least one sensor for measuring the fraction of the nitrogen oxides inthe exhaust gas.

Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present inventionwill become apparent from the following detailed description of theinvention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a view of a first system for implementing a first processaccording to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a view of a second system for implementing a second processaccording to the invention; and

FIG. 3 is a view of a third system for implementing a third processaccording to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an internal-combustion engine 1with several, also schematically illustrated combustion spaces 2. Aknown intake pipe 3, in which, starting from the internal-combustionengine 1, a charge air cooler 4 as well as a compressor 5 of an exhaustgas turbocharger are situated, leads to the internal-combustion engine1. Although, in the described embodiment, the internal-combustion engine1 has the exhaust gas turbocharger 6, this exhaust gas turbocharger 6 isnot absolutely necessary. The internal-combustion engine 1 may be adiesel internal-combustion engine as well as an Otto internal-combustionengine 1.

Furthermore, in a manner known per se, an exhaust pipe 7 is connected tothe internal-combustion engine 1, through which exhaust pipe 7 exhaustgas A generated in the combustion spaces 2 can leave theinternal-combustion engine 1. In the exhaust pipe 7, a turbine 8 issituated which is part of the exhaust gas turbocharger 6 and ismechanically connected with the compressor 5 in a manner known per sewhich is, however, not shown. An exhaust gas return pipe 9 branches offthe exhaust pipe 7 in front of the turbine 8 and, on the opposite side,leads into the intake pipe 3. As the result of the exhaust gas returnpipe 9, it is possible in a manner known per se to return to theinternal-combustion engine 1 a certain fraction of the exhaust gas Agenerated in the. combustion spaces 2. This fraction is called returnedexhaust quantity R. Together with a fresh air quantity L entering intothe intake pipe 3, it forms a mixture quantity G fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine 1.

The exhaust gas return is used for lowering the temperature during thecombustion operation in the combustion spaces 2, whereby the nitrogenoxide emissions of the internal-combustion engine 1 are reduced. Thereturned exhaust gas quantity R considerably influences the air ratio λ,the emitted pollutants as well as the efficiency of theinternal-combustion process. In order to, for this reason, be able toautomatically control the returned exhaust gas quantity R as preciselyas possible, it is necessary to be able to previously or isochronouslydetermine as precisely as possible the fraction of the returned exhaustgas quantity with respect to the entire mixture quantity G. Thisfraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity R with respect to themixture quantity G fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine isalso called the exhaust gas return rate AR.

In the exhaust gas return pipe 9, an exhaust gas return cooler 10 aswell as an exhaust gas return valve 11 are situated. The control of theexhaust gas return valve 11 takes place by a central electronic controldevice 12 which is connected by way of a control line 13 with theinternal-combustion engine 1. Another control line 13 a leads from thecontrol line 12 to the exhaust gas return valve 11.

The internal-combustion engine 1 is operated as follows: By way of thecompressor 5, the fresh air quantity L is introduced into the intakepipe 3. In the charge air cooler 4, heat is withdrawn from the fresh airquantity L, and, starting from the mouth of the exhaust gas return pipe9 into the intake pipe 3, the fresh air quantity L is mixed with thereturned exhaust gas quantity R, whereby the mixed quantity G isobtained which is fed on the whole.

This mixed quantity G is fed to the combustion spaces 2 of theinternal-combustion engine 1 for the combustion. The exhaust gas A,which forms in a known manner during this combustion in the combustionspaces 2, flows into the exhaust pipe 7. Before the turbine 8 isreached, a partial flow is taken from the exhaust gas A, specificallythe returned exhaust gas quantity R. Heat is withdrawn from thisreturned exhaust gas quantity R in the exhaust gas return cooler 10,after which it flows through the exhaust gas return valve 11 and isadmixed to the fresh air quantity L. As the result of the exhaust gasreturn valve 11, it is possible to change the fraction of the returnedexhaust gas quantity R, specifically in that the opening cross-sectionof the exhaust gas return valve 11 is adjusted by the control device 12according to a desired fraction AR_(des) of the returned exhaust gasquantity R, and may be filed, for example, in a characteristic diagram.

In order to achieve a reasonable automatic control of the returnedexhaust gas quantity R according to the above-mentioned desired fractionAR_(des), it is necessary to determine as precisely as possible theactual fraction AR_(actual) of the returned exhaust gas quantity R. Forthis purpose, a temperature sensor S_(L) for measuring the temperatureT_(L) of the fed fresh air quantity L and a temperature sensor S_(G) formeasuring the temperature T_(G) of the mixed quantity G fed on the wholeare provided in the intake pipe 3. In the exhaust gas return pipe 9, atemperature sensor S_(R) is situated for measuring the temperature T_(R)of the returned exhaust gas quantity R. In this case, the temperaturesensor S_(R) is arranged between the exhaust gas return cooler 10 andthe exhaust gas return valve 11, whereby the temperature T_(R) of thealready cooled returned exhaust gas quantity R is measured.

In the control device 12, which is connected by way of control lines 13b, 13 c and 13 d with all above-mentioned temperature sensors S_(R),S_(G) and S_(L), the actual fraction AR_(actual) of the returned exhaustgas quantity R is determined from the measured temperatures T_(R,) T_(G)and T_(L), and the actual fraction AR_(actual) of the returned exhaustgas quantity R is adapted to the above-mentioned predetermined desiredfraction AR_(des). The calculation of the actual fraction AR_(actual) ofthe returned exhaust gas quantity R takes place according to theformula:

AR _(actual)=(T _(L) −T _(G))/(T _(L) −T _(R)).

This formula is obtained by the conversion of the following equationwhich is valid by approximation:

{dot over (m)} _(G) ×T _(G) ={dot over (m)} _(L) ×T _(L) +{dot over (m)}_(R) ×T _(R)

wherein

{dot over (m)}_(G)=flow rate of the total mixture quantity G

{dot over (m)}_(L)=flow rate of the fresh air quantity L

{dot over (m)}_(R)=flow rate of the returned exhaust gas quantity R

In addition to the calculation of the exhaust gas return rate AR and ofthe returned exhaust gas quantity R, the temperature sensors S_(R) andS_(L) also permit a monitoring of the function of the charge air cooler4 and of the exhaust gas return cooler 10, for example, for aself-diagnosis.

Instead of the illustrated version with the temperature sensors S_(R),S_(G) and S_(L), it would also be possible to use only two not showntemperature sensors, which would then measure the differentialtemperatures T_(L)−T_(G) and T_(L)−T_(R). The actual fractionAR_(actual) of the returned exhaust gas quantity R could be determinedalso from the above by means of the above-indicated formula.

If the exhaust gas return rate AR has been determined in this manner, byway of the control device 12, an adaptation of the exhaust gas returnrate AR takes place to the predetermined desired fraction AR_(des),specifically also by way of the control line 13 a to the exhaust gasreturn valve 11.

The measurement may be simplified if, by means of the charge air cooler4 and the exhaust gas return cooler 10, the temperatures T_(L) and T_(R)are adjusted to precisely defined values. The reason is that in such acase, only the measuring of the temperature T_(G) is necessary in orderto arrive at the actual fraction AR_(actual) of the returned exhaust gasquantity R, because the other two temperatures T_(L) and T_(R) can beassumed to be known. The automatic controlling of the actual fractionAR_(actual) to the desired fraction AR_(des) can take place as explainedabove.

Another possibility for calculating the actual fraction AR_(actual) ofthe returned exhaust gas quantity R may be the measuring of thetemperature R_(A) of the total exhaust gas A leaving the combustionspaces 2 of the internal-combustion engine 1.

For this purpose, a temperature sensor S_(A) is arranged in the exhaustpipe 7, which temperature sensor S_(A) is connected by means of anothercontrol line 13 e with the control device 12. A linear dependence wasdetermined here between the actual fraction AR_(actual) of the returnedexhaust gas quantity R with respect to the mixture quantity G fed on thewhole to the internal-combustion engine 1, thus the exhaust gas returnrate AR, and the temperature T_(A) of the total exhaust gas A in alloperating points of the internal-combustion engine 1. In this manner, acharacteristic diagram can be established, whereby it is possible tovery precisely determine the actual fraction AR_(actual) of the returnedexhaust gas quantity R, and, by way of the control device 12, adapt thecontrol line 13 a and the exhaust gas return valve 11 correspondingly tothe predetermined desired fraction AR_(des).

FIG. 1 therefore illustrates two possibilities, of which either thosewith the temperature sensors S_(R), S_(G) and S_(L) or those with thetemperature sensor S_(A) are used.

FIG. 2 shows an alternative possibility for automatically controllingthe fraction of the exhaust gas quantity returned to theinternal-combustion engine 1, in which case the construction of theinternal-combustion engine 1, of the combustion spaces 2, of the intakepipe 3, of the charge air cooler 4, of the exhaust gas turbocharger 6,of the exhaust pipe 7, of the exhaust gas return pipe 9, of the exhaustgas return cooler 10, of the exhaust gas return valve 11 as well as ofthe control device 12 corresponds to the arrangement illustrated in FIG.1.

However, in this case, only the temperature sensor S_(G) for thedetermination of the temperature T_(G) of the mixture quantity G fed onthe whole to the internal combustion engine 1 is present in the intakepipe 3. Furthermore, a pressure sensor D_(G) as well as an air flow ratemeasuring device 14 are provided in the intake pipe 3. In this case, thetemperature sensor S_(G), the pressure sensor D_(G) as well as the airflow rate measuring device 14 are components which already exist inseries constructions of very many internal-combustion engines. An oxygensensor 15 is situated in the exhaust pipe 7. The temperature sensorS_(G) is arranged in the flow direction behind the charge air cooler 4and is connected with the control device 12 by way of the control line13 c. The pressure sensor D_(G) is also situated in the flow directionbehind the charge air cooler 4 and is connected by way of a control line13 f to the control line 12. The air flow rate measuring device ismounted in front of the compressor 5; its connection with the controlline 12 is implemented by way of a control line 13 g. The oxygen sensor15 has a control line 13 h with the control device 12.

The exhaust gas return rate AR can be computed from the formula:

AR=1−{dot over (m)} _(L) /{dot over (m)} _(G)

wherein:

{dot over (m)}_(L)=flow rate of the fresh air quantity L

{dot over (m)}_(G)=flow rate of the total mixture quantity G

In this case, the exhaust gas return rate AR is therefore determinedfrom the mixture quantity G fed on the whole to the internal-combustionengine 1 and the fresh air quantity L. For this purpose, the value m_(L)can be measured by means of the air flow rate measuring device 14,whereas the value m_(G) can be computed from the ideal gas equation:

 {dot over (m)} _(G)=(λ_(a2) ×p _(G) ×V _(H) ×n)/(2×R _(G) ×T _(G)),

wherein:

λ_(a2)=volumetric efficiency of the internal-combustion engine 1

p_(G)=absolute pressure of the total mixture quantity G

V_(H)=displacement of the internal-combustion engine 1

R_(G)=gas constant

n=rotational speed of the internal-combustion engine 1

T_(G)=absolute temperature of the total mixture quantity G.

The value λ_(a2) may be filed in a characteristic diagram, and theabsolute pressure p_(G) is determined by the pressure sensor D_(G),whereas the displacement V_(H) and the gas constant R_(G) are knownvalues. This results in a simple determination of the actual fractionAR_(actual) of the returned exhaust gas quantity R on theinternal-combustion engine 1, together with the fed mixture quantity G.

Then, by means of the control device 12, the actual fraction AR_(actual)of the returned exhaust gas quantity R is adapted to the determineddesired fraction AR_(des).

In the full-load or transient operation of the internal-combustionengine 1, additionally a monitoring of the combustion air ratio λ wouldbe meaningful in order to, on the one hand, show the maximally possibleNO_(x) reduction there, while avoiding an exceeding of the smoke limit.Such a monitoring can take place, for example, by way of the oxygensensor 15 illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 illustrates another possibility for automatically controlling theactual fraction AR_(actual) of the exhaust gas quantity R returned tothe internal-combustion engine 1, the basic construction being the sameas in FIGS. 1 and 2. However, in this case, a nitrogen oxide sensor 16is arranged in the exhaust pipe 7 behind the turbine 8. The nitrogenoxide sensor 16 determines the actual concentration of nitrogen oxidesin the total exhaust gas A and reports it by way of a control line 13 ito the control device 12. This control device 12 can then automaticallycontrol the opening cross-section of the exhaust gas return valve 11such that the measured concentration of nitrogen oxides corresponds to adesired value of nitrogen oxides which is stored in acharacteristic-diagram form above the parameters of theinternal-combustion engine 1, for example, the load number and therotational speed. The returned exhaust gas quantity R can beautomatically controlled by means of this closed-loop control circuitdirectly to the emission of nitrogen oxides.

Likewise, an automatic controlling to a, for example, legally stipulatednitrogen oxide limit value would be conceivable. In this case, thethroughput of nitrogen oxides would have to be computed from theconcentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust pipe 7, which can bemeasured by the nitrogen oxide sensor 16, and the multiplication of thisvalue with the sum of a measured or computed air throughput and anapplied fuel flow rate, and after the division by the output in therespective operating point, the specific emission of nitrogen oxides cantherefore be determined in g/kWh.

In addition to the nitrogen oxide sensor 16, a λ-probe could also bearranged in the exhaust pipe 7, which could limit the exhaust gas returnrate AR when there is a falling below a previously determined limitvalue λ_(min) in order to avoid an unacceptable increase of particles.

The foregoing disclosure has been set forth merely to illustrate theinvention and is not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of thedisclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of theinvention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention shouldbe construed to include everything within the scope of the appendedclaims and equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. Process for automatically controlling a fractionof an exhaust gas quantity returned to an internal-combustion enginewith respect to a mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine, which mixture quantity is formed by areturned exhaust gas quantity and a fresh air quantity, wherein theactual fraction (AR_(actual)) of the returned exhaust gas quantity withrespect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine is determined by way of a predeterminedtemperature (T_(L)) of the fed fresh air quantity which is achieved bycooling the fed fresh air quantity to the predetermined temperature(T_(L)), a predetermined temperature (T_(R)) of the returned exhaust gasquantity which is achieved by cooling the returned exhaust gas quantityto the predetermined temperature (T_(R)) and by measuring with a sensorthe temperature (T_(G)) of the mixture quantity fed on the whole, andwherein this actual fraction (AR_(actual)) of the returned exhaust gasquantity is adapted to a predetermined desired fraction (AR_(des)). 2.Process according to claim 1, wherein the actual fraction of thereturned exhaust gas quantity with respect to the mixture quantity fedon the whole to the internal-combustion engine is determined accordingto the formula AR_(actual)=(T_(L)−T_(G))/(T_(L)−T_(R)).
 3. System forautomatically controlling a fraction of an exhaust gas quantity returnedto an internal-combustion engine with respect to the mixture quantityfed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine, which mixturequantity is formed by the returned exhaust gas quantity and a fresh airquantity, said system comprising: an internal-combustion engine, withwhich at least one fresh air pipe and at least one exhaust pipe areconnected, an exhaust gas return valve arranged in an exhaust gas returnpipe, a first air cooler for cooling the fed fresh air quantity to apredetermined temperature (T_(L)) a second air cooler for cooling thereturned exhaust gas quality to a predetermined temperature (T_(R)), anda temperature sensor for measuring the temperature (T_(G)) of themixture quantity fed on the whole, wherein the actual fraction(AR_(actual)) of the returned exhaust gas quantity with respect to themixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine isdetermined by way of the predetermined temperature (T_(L)) of the fedfresh air quantity, the predetermined temperature (T_(R)) of thereturned exhaust gas quantity and the measured temperature (T_(G)) ofthe mixture quantity fed on the whole, and wherein this actual fractionof the returned exhaust gas quantity is adapted to a predetermineddesired fraction.
 4. System for the implementation of a processaccording to claim 3, wherein the actual fraction of the returnedexhaust gas quantity with respect to the mixture quantity fed on thewhole to the internal-combustion engine is determined according to theformula AR_(actual)=(T_(L)−T_(G))/(T_(L)−T_(R)).
 5. System forautomatically controlling a fraction of an exhaust gas quantity returnedto an internal-combustion engine with respect to a mixture quantity fedon the whole to the internal-combustion engine, which mixture quantityis formed by a returned exhaust gas quantity and a fresh air quantity,said system comprising: an internal-combustion engine, with which atleast one fresh air pipe and at least one exhaust pipe are connected, anexhaust gas return valve arranged in an exhaust gas return pipe, a firstair cooler for cooling the fed fresh air quantity to a predeterminedtemperature (T_(L)), a second air cooler for cooling the returnedexhaust gas quality to a predetermined temperature (T_(R)), and atemperature sensor for measuring a temperature (T_(G)) of the mixturequality fed on the whole, wherein the actual fraction of the returnedexhaust gas quantity with respect to the mixture quantity fed on thewhole to the internal-combustion engine is determined by way of thepredetermined temperature (T_(L)) of the fed fresh air quantity, thepredetermined temperature (T_(R)) of the returned exhaust gas quantityand the measured temperature (T_(G)) of the mixture quantity fed on thewhole, and wherein this actual fraction of the returned exhaust gasquantity is adapted to a predetermined desired fraction.
 6. Systemaccording to claim 5, wherein the actual fraction of the returnedexhaust gas quantity with respect to the mixture quantity fed on thewhole to the internal-combustion engine is determined according to theformula AR_(actual)=(T_(L)−T_(G))/(T_(L)−T_(R)).
 7. Process forautomatically controlling the fraction of exhaust gas quantity returnedto an internal-combustion engine with respect to the mixture quantityfed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine, which mixturequantity is formed by the returned exhaust gas quantity and a fresh airquantity, wherein an actual fraction (AR_(actual)) of the returnedexhaust gas quantity (R) with respect to the mixture quantity (G) fed onthe whole to the internal-combustion engine (1) is determined by way ofat least one sensor from at least one measurement of a temperature(T_(A)) of the exhaust gas (A) flowing out of the internal-combustionengine (1), and wherein this actual fraction (AR_(actual)) of thereturned exhaust gas quantity (4) is adapted to a predetermined desiredfraction (AR_(des)).
 8. System for automatically controlling a fractionof an exhaust gas quantity returned to an internal-combustion enginewith respect to a mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine, which mixture quantity is formed by areturned exhaust gas quantity and a fresh air quantity, said systemcomprising: an internal-combustion engine, with which at least one freshair pipe and at least one exhaust pipe are connected, an exhaust gasreturn valve, and at least one temperature sensor for measuring thetemperature of the exhaust gas flowing out of the internal-combustionengine, wherein an actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantitywith respect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine is determined by way of at least one sensorfrom at least one measurement of the temperature of the exhaust gasflowing out of the internal-combustion engine, and wherein this actualfraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity is adapted to apredetermined desired fraction.
 9. System according to claim 8, whereinthe temperature sensor is arranged downstream of combustion spacesbetween the internal-combustion engine and an exhaust gas return cooler.10. System according to claim 9, wherein the temperature sensor isarranged downstream of combustion spaces between the internal-combustionengine and an exhaust gas turbocharger.
 11. A process for automaticallycontrolling a fraction of an exhaust gas quantity returned to aninternal-combustion engine with respect to a mixture quantity fed on thewhole to the internal-combustion engine, whereby the mixture quantity isformed by the returned exhaust gas quantity and a fresh air quantity,said process comprising: cooling the fed fresh air quantity to apredetermined temperature (T_(L)); cooling the returned exhaust gasquantity to a predetermined temperature (T_(R)); measuring a temperature(T_(G)) of the mixture quantity (G) fed on the whole; determining anactual fraction (AR_(actual)) of the returned exhaust gas quantity withrespect to the mixture quantity fed on the whole to theinternal-combustion engine as a function of the predeterminedtemperature (T_(L)) of the fed fresh air quantity, the predeterminedtemperature (T_(R)) of the returned exhaust gas quantity and themeasured temperature of the mixture quantity (T_(G)) fed on the whole;and adapting the actual fraction (AR_(actual)) of the returned exhaustgas quantity to a predetermined desired fraction (AR_(desired)).